Descendants of Austin Hightower

Generation No. 1

1.  AUSTIN¹ HIGHTOWER was born 1700 in Richmond, Virginia, and died 1784 in Homestead, Orange County, North Carolina.  He married (1) JANE OLDHAM.  She was born 1721, and died 1760.  He married (2) MARTHA JANE OLDHAM 1743 in Brunswick County, Virginia, USA.  She was born Oct 06, 1721 in Warsaw, Richmond , Virginia, USA, and died 1759 in BrunswickCounty, Virginia, USA.  He married (3) MARTHA 1760.  She was born 1702 in Orange County, North Carolina, and died 1766 in Orange County, North Carolina.

More About AUSTIN HIGHTOWER and MARTHA OLDHAM:

Marriage: 1743, Brunswick County, Virginia, USA

More About AUSTIN HIGHTOWER and MARTHA:

Marriage: 1760

Children of AUSTIN HIGHTOWER and MARTHA OLDHAM are:

          i.   JOHN OLDHAM² HIGHTOWER, b. Sep 17, 1744; d. Unknown.

         ii.   WILLIAM H. HIGHTOWER, b. 1746; d. Unknown.

        iii.   JOHN HIGHTOWER, b. 1748; d. Unknown.

        iv.   AUSTIN AGUSTINE HIGHTOWER, b. 1750; d. Unknown.

         v.   PLEASANT HENRY HIGHTOWER, b. 1759; d. Unknown.

Children of AUSTIN HIGHTOWER and MARTHA are:

        vi.   STERLING SILVESTER² HIGHTOWER, b. 1761, Orange County, North Carolina, USA; d. Unknown.

       vii.   HENRY HIGHTOWER, b. 1763, Orange County, North Carolina, USA; d. Unknown.

2.   viii.   AMELIA ANNA HIGHTOWER, b. Jun 10, 1765, North Carolina; d. Oct 28, 1850, Greene Co., Illinois.

Generation No. 2

2.  AMELIA ANNA² HIGHTOWER (AUSTIN¹) was born Jun 10, 1765 in North Carolina, and died Oct 28, 1850 in Greene Co., Illinois.  She married JONAH SCOGGINS¹ Jan 01, 1789 in Orangeburg Dis, Marion Co, Saouth Carolina.  He was born Oct 13, 1763 in Brunswick Co, Virginia¹, and died Jan 25, 1845 in Greene Co., Illinois¹.

Notes for AMELIA ANNA HIGHTOWER:

More About AMELIA ANNA HIGHTOWER:

Burial: Aft. Oct 28, 1850, Woodsbury Cementry, Carrollton, Greene Co, Illinois

Notes for JONAH SCOGGINS:

The following is the testimony given by Jonah Scoggins to obtain his  military pension for service in the Revolutionary War. State of Illinois Greene County

             On this 3rd day of April 1833 personally appeared in open Court before Samuel Lockwood, Judge of the Circuit Court for the County of Greene, State of Illinois, Jonah Scoggins a resident of the County and  State aforesaid, aged sixty nine years the 13th day of last October who  first being duly sworn according to law doth on his oath make the following declaration in order to obtain the benefit of the provisions made by the act of Congress paper June 7th, 1832.

            That he was born in Brunswick County, Virginia, Oct. 13, 1763. That he was living in Bute Co., N. C. in the year 1778 about the middle of June, when he was drafted (or chosen by balloting) for 9 months and that  he entered the service of the United States as a private, commanded by Capt. Robert Temples, 1st Lt. Abraham Primm, Ensign Thomas Brickle and  was marched to Halifax on the South of Roanoke River, that there he was stationed about 10 weeks, his company was under the command of Major Charles Pinckney.

            That he was marched through to Kingstown on Neuse River and then he was placed under the command of Capt. Philip Taylor (a regular officer).  That he was marched to Parisburgh on Savannah River. That he then was appointed 1st. Sergeant, which office held three months, that he stayed at Parisburgh about 2 months, being placed under the command of General Sinsolu upon his arrival at that place. That he marched up Savannah River to Golphin's Mills in pursuit of the British - after that hewas marched  to Charlestown, stayed there 8 or 9 weeks, went from Charlestown to General Sinsolu's station about 20 miles distant. Went then to the mouth of Goodi Creek, stayed there until he was discharged which was on the 5thday of September 1779, but that he did not arrive at home until the 25th day of September, reckoning in the 20 days he had served 1 year, 3 monthsand some days, one year of which time he was a private and 3 months 1st

Sergeant.

            That in the fall of 1780 he was living in Johnson Co., N. C. when he volunteered and entered the service of the United States under the Command of Capt. Philip Thomas, 1st. Lt. Alexander Hobby, Major Dennis (other officers not recollected) and marched to Crop Creek against the Tories and served three months a private. That he volunteered and entered the service in Sept. 1781 commanded by Capt. John Whitley, Major Robt. Rayford and marched toward Yorktown from Johnson Co., N. C. in pursuit of Cornwallis but was discharged at the end of ten days. So this applicate claim a pension for One Year, 6 Months and 10 days service, (one year 3  months ten days as a private, 3 months as 1st. Sergeant). That he was discharged at the expiration of his first term of service aforementioned by Col.'s John Armstrong and James Thaxton who gave him a printed  discharge. That at the expiration of the 2nd term of service he was discharged by Col. Sam Smith who gave a written discharge and that the last time he was verbally discharged. That his discharges were burnt. That about 14 years ago he proved his services as a Revolutionary soldier before Benjamin Shackleford, Judge of the Circuit Court for the County of Christian, Ky. by William Wallace who is now dead. That he dictated a copy of the proof to Washington City but he knows not what has become of  it - That he recollects to have seen many regular officers while he was in the service, that he was with regular troops and was commanded by regular officers as many as nine months during the first term of service, that he recollects particularly to have seen Gen. Green, Col. Paluski,

Col. Hager.

            That he cannot recollect the names of numbers of regiments he was in except one, which was the 5th regiment which he entered upon going into service the first time.

            That after the War he moved to the State of South Carolina, lived  there about 3 years, moved to Georgia, lived there 2 years, moved to N. C. lived there about 2 years then moved to Knox Co. Tenn. lived there 12 years, moved to Christian Co. Kentucky, lived there 16 years, moved to Jefferson Co. Illinois, lived there 4 years, moved to Morgan Co, Ill., lived there 2 years then moved to Greene Co., Ill. where he has lived in his present neighborhood for the last 2 years. That he is well acquainted with many persons in his present neighborhood who can certify concerning him among whom he would mention George W. , Robert Scoggins, John Van Cleve.

            That he has no documentory evidence and that he knows of no person whose testimony he can procure who can testify to his service - That he hereby relinquishes every claim whatever to a pension or annuity except  the present and declares that his name is not on the pension roll of the agency of any State or Territory. That he has no record of his age but  that he knows his age from what his parents and relatives have told him  to be as he has stated in this declaration.

            Sworn to & Subscribed the day and year aforesaid his

            Jonah x Scoggins

            mark

            Mofis O Bledsoe, clerk

            We, John Van Cleve a clergyman residing in the county of Greene & State of Illinois and Robert Scoggins residing in the same county and state hereby certify that we are well acquainted with Jonah Scoggins who  has subscribed and sworn to the above declaration, that we beleived him  to be sixty nine years of age that he is reputable and beleived in the neighborhood where he resides to have been a soldier of the Revolution and that we concur in that opinion.

            Sworn & Subscribed Mofis O. Bledsoe, clerk

            the day and year aforesaid

            And the said Court do hereby declare their opinion after the investigation of the matter and after putting the interrogations prescribed by the War Department that the afore mentioned applicant was a Revolutionary soldier and served as he stated.

            And the said Court further certifies that it appears to them that John Van Cleve who has signed the preceeding certificate is a clergyman and a resident of the County of Greene, Illinois, and Robert Scoggins who has also signed the preceeding certificate is a resident of the same county and state, and that they are both credible persons and that this statement is entitled to credit.

            Sam W. Lockwood ,  Judge

            I Mofis O. Bledsoe, clerk of the circuit Court for the county of Greene, State of Illinois do hereby certify that the foregoing contains  the orginal proceedings of the said court in the matter of the application of Jonah Scoggins for a pension.

       In testimony where of I have here set my hand and Seal of Office this 3rd day of April A.D. 1833.

      Mofis O. Bledsoe, clerk

More About JONAH SCOGGINS:

Burial: Unknown, Mt. Gilead Cemetery, Greene Co, Illinois¹

More About JONAH SCOGGINS and AMELIA HIGHTOWER:

Marriage: Jan 01, 1789, Orangeburg Dis, Marion Co, Saouth Carolina

Children of AMELIA HIGHTOWER and JONAH SCOGGINS are:

3.       i.   ELIZABETH³ SCOGGINS, b. May 10, 1790, South Carolina; d. 1854.

4.      ii.   NANCY J SCOGGINS, b. Feb 10, 1792, Georgia; d. Unknown.

5.     iii.   ANNA SCOGGINS, b. Apr 30, 1794, Elbert Co, Georgia, USA; d. Sep 22, 1878, Woodville Township, Greene Co, Illinois, USA.

6.     iv.   SEBORN J. SCOGGINS, b. Oct 16, 1796, Knox Co, Tennessee; d. Dec 12, 1875, Kane, Greene Co, Illinois.

7.      v.   CHARLOTTE SCOGGINS, b. Sep 05, 1799, Knox Co, Tennessee; d. Unknown.

8.     vi.   ROBERT HIGHTOWER SCOGGINS, b. Feb 13, 1813, Christiam Co, Kentucky; d. Dec 10, 1890, Carrollton, Greene, Illinois.

Generation No. 3

3.  ELIZABETH³ SCOGGINS (AMELIA ANNA² HIGHTOWER, AUSTIN¹)¹ was born May 10, 1790 in South Carolina¹, and died 1854¹.  She married ROBERT SCOGGINS¹ Jun 11, 1818¹.  He was born Abt. 1789¹, and died Unknown¹.

Notes for ROBERT SCOGGINS:

1885 History of Greene Co IL

      Robert Scroggins, a native of Kentucky, the "Dark and Bloody Ground," came to Greene county in 1828, and located on Sec. 13, T. 9, R. 13, now included within the limits of Woodville township, where he lived several years. He then removed to a farm in Carrollton township, now owned by the heirs of Peter Hobson. While living at this place, during a  severe thunderstorm, the house in which he and his family resided, was  struck by lightning, and three of his children killed, and his wife  severely burned, and rendered for a time insensible. From there he

removed to Kane township, where he lived four years, and then left the county, going to the American Bottom.

[Loftis.FTW]

More About ROBERT SCOGGINS and ELIZABETH SCOGGINS:

Marriage: Jun 11, 1818¹

Children of ELIZABETH SCOGGINS and ROBERT SCOGGINS are:

9.       i.   CEYBURN⁴ SCOGGINS, b. Jun 09, 1815, Greene Co., Illinois; d. Jul 15, 1883.

         ii.   EDWARD THOMAS SCOGGINS¹, b. Abt. 1816¹; d. Unknown¹.

        iii.   WILLIAM HENRY SCOGGINS¹, b. Abt. 1817¹; d. Unknown¹; m. SARAH ANN SCOGGINS¹, Jul 22, 1860, Greene Co., Illinois; b. Abt. 1819¹; d. Unknown¹.

More About WILLIAM SCOGGINS and SARAH SCOGGINS:

Marriage: Jul 22, 1860, Greene Co., Illinois

        iv.   ALFRED SCOGGINS¹, b. Abt. 1818¹; d. Unknown¹.

4.  NANCY J³ SCOGGINS (AMELIA ANNA² HIGHTOWER, AUSTIN¹)¹ was born Feb 10, 1792 in Georgia¹, and died Unknown¹.  She married (1) ALLEN SCOGGINS¹ Jun 06, 1810 in Christian Co, Kentucky¹.  He was born Abt. 1791¹, and died Unknown¹.  She married (2) EDWARD PILCHER¹ May 01, 1832 in Greene Co., Illinois¹.  He was born Abt. 1791¹, and died Unknown¹.

More About ALLEN SCOGGINS and NANCY SCOGGINS:

Marriage: Jun 06, 1810, Christian Co, Kentucky¹

More About EDWARD PILCHER and NANCY SCOGGINS:

Marriage: May 01, 1832, Greene Co., Illinois¹

Child of NANCY SCOGGINS and ALLEN SCOGGINS is:

10.     i.   BEMJAMIN FRANKLIN "FRANK"⁴ SCOGGINS, b. 1811, Kentucky; d. Aft. 1860, Unknown.

5.  ANNA³ SCOGGINS (AMELIA ANNA² HIGHTOWER, AUSTIN¹)¹ was born Apr 30, 1794 in Elbert Co, Georgia, USA, and died Sep 22, 1878 in Woodville Township, Greene Co, Illinois, USA.  She married (1) UNKNOWN¹ Abt. 1811¹.  He was born Abt. 1793¹, and died Unknown¹.  She married (2) WILLIS HARDWICK¹ Feb 18, 1824 in Todd Co, Kentucky¹.  He was born Abt. 1784 in Unknown, and died Unknown in Unknown.

Notes for ANNA SCOGGINS:

Burial in Fry Cem, Greene Co IL (cem rec GCHS)

[Loftis.FTW]

Burial in Fry Cem, Greene Co IL (Cem Rec GCHS)

More About ANNA SCOGGINS:

Date born 2: Apr 30, 1794, Elbert Co, Georgia¹

Died 2: Sep 22, 1878, Woodville Township, Greene Co, Illinois¹

Burial 1: Unknown, Mt. Giles Cemetery, Woodville Township, Greene Co, Illinois, USA

Burial 2: Fry Cem, Greene Co. Illinois¹

More About UNKNOWN and ANNA SCOGGINS:

Marriage: Abt. 1811¹

More About WILLIS HARDWICK:

Date born 2: Oct 17, 1786, Virginia¹

Died 2: Jan 14, 1866, Woodville Township, Greene Co Illinois¹

Burial: Unknown, Fry Cemetery,Green Co. Illinois¹

More About WILLIS HARDWICK and ANNA SCOGGINS:

Marriage: Feb 18, 1824, Todd Co, Kentucky¹

Child of ANNA SCOGGINS and UNKNOWN is:

11.     i.   LUCY⁴ SCOGGINS, b. Oct 20, 1813; d. Unknown.

Children of ANNA SCOGGINS and WILLIS HARDWICK are:

         ii.   CHARLOTTE L.⁴ HARDWICK¹, b. Bef. 1824¹; d. Unknown¹; m. MARTIN C NORTHUM¹, Feb 19, 1841, Greene Co., Illinois; b. Bef. 1824¹; d. Unknown¹.

More About MARTIN NORTHUM and CHARLOTTE HARDWICK:

Marriage: Feb 19, 1841, Greene Co., Illinois

        iii.   CHARLES AGUSTUS HARDWICK¹, b. 1825, Tennessee¹; d. Unknown¹; m. (1) MARY JANE ADCOCK¹, May 30, 1850, Greene Co., Illinois¹; d. Unknown; m. (2) MARY CAROLINE GRIZZLE NEMORE BUCKLEY¹, Sep 19, 1864, Greene Co., Illinois¹; d. Unknown.

Notes for CHARLES AGUSTUS HARDWICK:

[Loftis.FTW]

Benjamin M Hardwick's death certificate says his father was born in Greene Co. and his mother born in Tennessee.

More About CHARLES AGUSTUS HARDWICK:

Census: 1870, Woodville Township, Greene Co Illinois¹

More About CHARLES HARDWICK and MARY ADCOCK:

Marriage: May 30, 1850, Greene Co., Illinois¹

More About CHARLES HARDWICK and MARY BUCKLEY:

Marriage: Sep 19, 1864, Greene Co., Illinois¹

12.   iv.   GEORGE WASHINGTON HARDWICK, b. Oct 31, 1827, Jefferson Co, Illinois; d. May 18, 1904.

13.    v.   SEBORN WESLEY HARDWICK, b. Jan 31, 1830, Greene Co., Illinois; d. Feb 22, 1913, Kane, Greene Co, Illinois.

14.   vi.   JAMES H HARDWICK, b. Aft. 1831, Unknown; d. Unknown, Unknown.

15.  vii.   MARY ANN HARDWICK, b. Jan 1832, Unknown; d. Mar 15, 1866, Unknown.

      viii.   AUGUSTUS C. HARDWICK, b. Abt. 1833; d. Unknown.

16.   ix.   JAMES H HARDWICK, b. 1839, Unknown; d. 1901, Unknown.

6.  SEBORN J.³ SCOGGINS (AMELIA ANNA² HIGHTOWER, AUSTIN¹)¹ was born Oct 16, 1796 in Knox Co, Tennessee¹, and died Dec 12, 1875 in Kane, Greene Co, Illinois¹.  He married ANN ELIZABETH GENTRY¹ Apr 23, 1818 in Christiam Co, Kentucky¹.  She was born 1805 in Kentucky¹, and died Unknown¹.

Notes for ANN ELIZABETH GENTRY:

Birth information came from the 1860 Census.[Loftis.FTW]

Birth information came from the 1860 Census.

More About SEBORN SCOGGINS and ANN GENTRY:

Marriage: Apr 23, 1818, Christiam Co, Kentucky¹

Children of SEBORN SCOGGINS and ANN GENTRY are:

          i.   MARY JANE⁴ SCOGGINS¹, b. Bef. 1821¹; d. Unknown¹; m. EANCIL D. STONE¹, Sep 22, 1839, Greene Co., Illinois¹; b. Bef. 1821¹; d. Unknown¹.

More About EANCIL STONE and MARY SCOGGINS:

Marriage: Sep 22, 1839, Greene Co., Illinois¹

Marriage license: Lic # 1478¹

         ii.   JESSE GENTRY SCOGGINS¹, b. 1834^2,3; d. Unknown³; m. NANCY E. HOPE³, Sep 30, 1866, Greene Co., Illinois³; d. Unknown.

More About JESSE SCOGGINS and NANCY HOPE:

Marriage: Sep 30, 1866, Greene Co., Illinois³

Marriage license: Lic# 5582³

17.   iii.   JOHN W. SCOGGINS, b. 1836, Illinois; d. Unknown.

        iv.   ROBERT P. SCOGGINS³, b. May 26, 1840³; d. Sep 22, 1851³.

Notes for ROBERT P. SCOGGINS:

Baried at the Kane Cemetery, Kane Illinois (cem. rec. GCHS).[Loftis.FTW]

Buried at the Kane Cemetery, Kane Illinois (Cem. Rec. GCHS).

More About ROBERT P. SCOGGINS:

Age At Death (Facts Pg): 11y 3m 26d³

Burial 1: Sep 22, 1851, died at the age of 11yr, 3 m, 26days

Burial 2: Sep 22, 1851, Kane Cemetery, Kane, Illinois³

         v.   GEORGE W. SCOGGINS³, b. 1843³; d. Unknown³.

More About GEORGE W. SCOGGINS:

Census: 1860³

        vi.   CHARLOTTE SCOGGINS, b. Abt. 1845³; d. Unknown³; m. JAMES V NICHOLS³, Sep 10, 1867, Greene Co IL³; d. Unknown.

More About CHARLOTTE SCOGGINS:

Name 2: Charlotte Marinda Scoggins³

More About JAMES NICHOLS and CHARLOTTE SCOGGINS:

Marriage: Sep 10, 1867, Greene Co IL³

Marriage license: Lic# 5816³

       vii.   LAVINA SCOGGINS, b. Abt. 1847; d. Unknown.

18. viii.   WILLIAM CLINTON SCOGGINS, b. 1851; d. Apr 30, 1901, Kane, Greene Co, Illinois.

19.   ix.   ELIZA ELLEN SCOGGINS, b. 1837, Green Co. Illinois; d. Sep 09, 1909, Kane, Greene Co Illinois.

         x.   LAVINA SCOGGINS³, b. 1834^4,5; d. Unknown⁵.

7.  CHARLOTTE³ SCOGGINS (AMELIA ANNA² HIGHTOWER, AUSTIN¹)⁵ was born Sep 05, 1799 in Knox Co, Tennessee⁵, and died Unknown⁵.  She married (1) UNKNOWN SCOGGINS⁵ Bef. 1829⁵.  He was born Abt. 1798⁵, and died Unknown⁵.  She married (2) JOHN WATSON⁵ Mar 11, 1830 in Morgan Co, Illinois⁵.  He was born Abt. 1798 in Morgan Co, Illinois⁵, and died Unknown⁵.

More About UNKNOWN SCOGGINS and CHARLOTTE SCOGGINS:

Marriage: Bef. 1829⁵

More About JOHN WATSON and CHARLOTTE SCOGGINS:

Marriage: Mar 11, 1830, Morgan Co, Illinois⁵

Children of CHARLOTTE SCOGGINS and JOHN WATSON are:

          i.   JOSEPH⁴ WATSON⁵, d. Unknown.

         ii.   MARCUS WATSON⁵, d. Unknown.

20.   iii.   ANNA ELIZABETH WATSON, b. Aug 22, 1832, Schuyler Co, Illinois; d. Dec 09, 1909.

21.   iv.   HENRY C. WATSON, b. Abt. 1833; d. Unknown.

         v.   GEORGE W. WATSON⁵, b. 1837⁵; d. Unknown.

More About GEORGE W. WATSON:

Census: 1860, Green Co. Illinois⁵

        vi.   ROBERT H. WATSON⁵, b. 1840⁵; d. Unknown.

More About ROBERT H. WATSON:

Census: 1860, Green Co. Illinois⁵

8.  ROBERT HIGHTOWER³ SCOGGINS (AMELIA ANNA² HIGHTOWER, AUSTIN¹)⁵ was born Feb 13, 1813 in Christiam Co, Kentucky⁵, and died Dec 10, 1890 in Carrollton, Greene, Illinois⁵.  He married MARTHA ANN WITT⁵ Nov 23, 1836 in Carrollton, Greene, Illinois⁵, daughter of NOAH WITT and MILLIE MAZE.  She was born Apr 11, 1817 in Jefferson Co, Tennessee⁵, and died 1877⁵.

Notes for ROBERT HIGHTOWER SCOGGINS:

      The Carrollton Patriot Dec. 9, 1920 (30 years ago)

Hightower Scoggins of Woodville town died December 10, age 77. For many years, he was a justice of the peace.

[Loftis.FTW]

      The Carrolton Patriot Dec. 9, 1920 (30 years ago)

Hightower Scoggins of Woodville town died December 10, age 77. For many years, he was a justice of the peace.

More About ROBERT HIGHTOWER SCOGGINS:

Obituary: Dec 09, 1920, The Carrollton Patriot  (30 years ago)⁵

More About ROBERT SCOGGINS and MARTHA WITT:

Marriage: Nov 23, 1836, Carrollton, Greene, Illinois⁵

Marriage license: # 1043⁵

Children of ROBERT SCOGGINS and MARTHA WITT are:

22.     i.   WILLIAM FRANCES MARION⁴ SCOGGINS, b. Nov 20, 1837; d. Jul 30, 1899, Greenfield, Greene, Illinois.

         ii.   SARAH ANN SCOGGINS⁵, b. 1838, Greene Co., Illinois⁵; d. Aug 14, 1862⁵; m. WILLIAM HENRY SCOGGINS⁵, Jul 22, 1860, Greene Co., Illinois; b. Abt. 1836⁵; d. Unknown⁵.

Notes for SARAH ANN SCOGGINS:

Information source was Shirley M. Prater Dal Pozzo.

More About WILLIAM SCOGGINS and SARAH SCOGGINS:

Marriage: Jul 22, 1860, Greene Co., Illinois

Marriage license: # 4369

23.   iii.   BENJAMIN FRANKLIN SCOGGINS, b. Mar 10, 1843, Illinois; d. Jan 19, 1916.

24.   iv.   THOMAS JEFFERSON SCOGGINS, b. 1844, Illinois; d. Unknown.

25.    v.   ANDREW JACKSON SCOGGINS, b. Apr 30, 1845, Woodville, Greene Co, Illinois; d. Feb 09, 1912, Kane, Greene Co, Illinois.

26.   vi.   GEORGE WITT SCOGGINS, b. 1847, Illinois; d. 1890, Greene Co., Illinois.

27.  vii.   MILDRED MILLY A. SCOGGINS, b. Mar 31, 1850, Greene Co., Illinois; d. 1922, Greene Co., Illinois.

      viii.   MARY ELIZABETH SCOGGINS⁵, b. Jun 18, 1853, Greene Co., Illinois⁵; d. Nov 08, 1880, Greene Co., Illinois⁵; m. ALBERT LAFE STURMAN⁵, Jan 21, 1879, Greene Co., Illinois; b. Abt. 1852⁵; d. Unknown⁵.

Notes for MARY ELIZABETH SCOGGINS:

 More About MARY ELIZABETH SCOGGINS:

Burial: Unknown, Cummings Cem, Greene Co IL (cem rec GCHS)⁵

More About ALBERT STURMAN and M